ARCHAEOLOGY

A Corinthian capital, 4th3rd century B.C.E., with the head of the god Dionysos, found at Bet Shean. Photo: Hanan Isachar. A Corinthian capital, 4th–3rd century B.C.E., with the head of the god Dionysos, found at Bet She'an. Photo: Hanan Isachar.   THE LAND OF ISRAEL OFFERS A FASCINATING VARIETY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS THAT ILLUMINATE THE ATTACHMENT OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE TO ITS ANCIENT HOMELAND FROM THE BIRTH OF THE NATION IN THE BIBLICAL PERIOD THROUGH THE PERIOD OF THE SECOND TEMPLE AND BEYOND. THEY ARE A PART OF THE ISRAELI LANDSCAPE AS MUCH AS ITS FLORA AND FAUNA.   Wine press in the antique Nabatean Byzantine town of Shivta in the Negev, 2nd century; Shivta was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005. Photo: Dinu Mendrea. Wine press in the antique Nabatean Byzantine town of Shivta in the Negev, 2nd century; Shivta was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005. Photo: Dinu Mendrea.   Mamshit, an antique Nabetean Byzantine town captured by the Romans in the 2nd century C.E. was declared a World Heritage by UNESCO in June 2005. Photo: Dinu Mendrea. Mamshit, an antique Nabetean Byzantine town captured by the Romans in the 2nd century C.E., was declared a World Heritage by UNESCO in June 2005. Photo: Dinu Mendrea.     One of the twin lions decorating a gateway in the center of Jerusalem, made by Rabbi Simcha Shlomo Janiver-Diskin, a well-known figure in Jerusalem in the late 19th century. Photo: Shlomo (Yosh) Gafni, Jerusalem. Gafni, Jerusalem.") One of the twin lions decorating a gateway in the center of Jerusalem, made by Rabbi Simcha Shlomo Janiver-Diskin, a well-known figure in Jerusalem in the late 19th century. Photo: Shlomo (Yosh) Gafni, Jerusalem.     A capital found at the archaeological park in Ashkelon, one of the five principal cities of the Philistines in Canaan. Photo: Hanan Isachar. A capital found at the archaeological park in Ashkelon, one of the five principal cities of the Philistines in Canaan. Photo: Hanan Isachar.   JerusalemTombs of Absalom, Zechariah, and the Hezir family, 1st century B.C.E.1st century C.E., on the slopes of the Mount of Olives with the Jewish cemetery. Photo: Dinu Mendrea. Jerusalem—Tombs of Absalom, Zechariah, and the Hezir family, 1st century B.C.E.–1st century C.E., on the slopes of the Mount of Olives with the Jewish cemetery. Photo: Dinu Mendrea.     Finds of everyday objects from the Cave of Letters. Roman period, Naal ever, 2nd century C.E. Collection, Israel Antiquities Authority. Photo The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Moshe Caine. Finds of everyday objects from the Cave of Letters. Roman period, Naḥal ḥever, 2nd century C.E. Collection, Israel Antiquities Authority. Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Moshe Caine.   Tel Hazor in the Upper Galilee: the Pillared Building, a public storehouse from the 8th century B.C.E. Photo: Hanan Isachar. Tel Hazor in the Upper Galilee: the Pillared Building, a public storehouse from the 8th century B.C.E. Photo: Hanan Isachar.   Corridor in the Cave of the Sarcophagi shows sarcophagus with lions, from Bet Shearim, late Roman period. Photo: Dinu Mendrea. Corridor in the Cave of the Sarcophagi shows sarcophagus with lions, from Bet She'arim, late Roman period. Photo: Dinu Mendrea.     An overview of the old synagogue near the hot springs at Tiberias, 3rd century C.E. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. An overview of the old synagogue near the hot springs at Tiberias, 3rd century C.E. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.   Animal reliefs from the excavations at Tiberias, 3rd century C.E. Photo: David Harris. Animal reliefs from the excavations at Tiberias, 3rd century C.E. Photo: David Harris.     Aerial view of the Oven Cave, the Carmel Cave, and the River Cave in Mount Carmel Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. Aerial view of the Oven Cave, the Carmel Cave, and the River Cave in Mount Carmel Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.   Bone-reaping hook with deer sculpted head, found in the prehistoric caves of Mount Carmel. Kebara Cave, 10th millennium B.C.E. Collection, Israel Antiquities Authority. Photo Israel Museum, by Nahum Slapak. Bone-reaping hook with deer sculpted head, found in the prehistoric caves of Mount Carmel. Kebara Cave, 10th millennium B.C.E. Collection, Israel Antiquities Authority. Photo © Israel Museum, by Nahum Slapak.     \<!   \> \!an aerial view of the old city of jerusalem. "" albatross aerial photography. An aerial view of the Old City of Jerusalem. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.   An aerial view of Ein Gedi showing the remains of the Byzantine-period synagogue (end of the 4th7th century C.E.), which is proof that a large Jewish community existed there. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography., which is proof that a large Jewish community existed there. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.") An aerial view of Ein Gedi showing the remains of the Byzantine-period synagogue (end of the 4th–7th century C.E.), which is proof that a large Jewish community existed there. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 11 JA–KAS FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA An imprint of Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation IN ASSOCIATION WITH KETER PUBLISHING HOUSE LTD., JERUSALEM Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries JA–KAS 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 833 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 834 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 840 • Transliteration Rules 853 Glossary 856 JAAZANIAH, JAAZANIAHU JAAZANIAH, JAAZANIAHU (Jazaniah, Jazaniahu, Heb. יַאֲזַנְיָה ,יַאֲזַנְיָהוּ ,יְזַנְיָהוּ ,יְזַנְיָה; "YHWH hears"), name of four biblical persons in the last generation of the kingdom of Judah. (1) Jaazaniah son of the Maacathite, officer of the troops that went to Mizpah, to gedaliah son of Ahikam after the Babylonian occupation of Judah (II Kings 25:23; Jer. 40:8). It is possible that he is Jezaniah son of Hoshaiah mentioned in Jeremiah 42:1. Others attribute to him the Hebrew seal inscribed "To Jaazaniah, servant of the king." On the seal is an engraving of a rooster, the only such seal ever found in Ereẓ Israel (reproduced Ahituv, 126; Hoffman, 720). (2) Jaazaniah son of Jeremiah son of Habazziniah, a rechabite put to the test by the prophet Jeremiah (Jer. 35:3). (3) Jaazaniah son of Shaphan, an elder of the house of Israel, is mentioned in Ezekiel's vision of incense to the idols (Ezek. 8:11). (4) Jaazaniah son of Azzur was a "prince of the people" and one of the twenty-five elders of Judah who appeared in a vision to the prophet Ezekiel (Ezek. 11:1). In a Lachish ostracon there appears the name of "Jaazaniah son of Tob-Shallem" (Ahituv, 33). A certain Jaazaniahu son of Benaiyahu is found at Arad (Ahituv, 86). The name of Yedoniah, the head of the Jewish community at elephantine , is probably an Aramaization of the Hebrew Jaazaniah. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: Pritchard, Texts, 277; Diringer, Iscr, 181, 229; Yeivin, in Tarbiz, 12 (1940/41), 253ff., 258. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. Ahituv, Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions (1992); Y. Hoffman, Jeremiah II (2001). (Yehoshua M. Grintz)